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凝胶强度的影响因素包括热运动、剪切运动、应力加载速率（SLR）、抗老化程度，以及含蜡原油组成。最具争议性的因素是冷却速度，有些人认为它可以增加凝胶强度并使强度值更高（Ronningsen等，1992年），而另一些认为它有着相反的效果（Henaut等，1999年）。 Lee等人（2007年）表明，如果失效机理是因为粘着力，则较高的冷却速度可以增加凝胶强度；反之，如果失效机理是因为凝聚力，则较高的冷却速度可以减小凝胶强度。
特别需要注意的是，目前对确定含蜡原油屈服应力的标准试验没有已经通过石油工业的。这是因为使用任何给定的测试仪器在不同的测试中的重复性和再生性很差。 Chang等人（1998年）后， 把重复性和再生性的屈服效果差的原因，不仅仅归因于样品正在受到的作用（如温度和剪切速率），还包括样品已经收到过的作用（如热运动和剪切作用）。 Ronningsen等人，（1992年）报道了他们的从模型管道设备中得到的结果，即重复性为±20％时的屈服点；而Lee等人，（2007年）则更加成功的报道了重复性为±10％时的结果。
凝胶压力效应：是具有现实意义还是只是学术概念？
含蜡原油胶凝的静水压力的影响，对海底管道连接较长垂直升管具有实际重大的实际意义，并在图-1中有详细描述。然而，大多数重启研究都在室温条件下开展，并试图获得包括深水维护在内的外界条件。在管道运输系统的维修处理或者紧急情况期间，原油将在静态条件下冷却至海底温度。在当今的深水系统中，可以运行至水下10,000英尺深，温度梯度的范围从海底至海面都有可能。在炎热的季节，温度处于海面温度时，可高达20°C，然而海底的温度可以保持低至5°C。因此，在这种情况下，可以在海底含蜡原油管道可能会产生胶凝（假设其凝点高于海底温度），而距离海底不远处，竖管中的液体含蜡原油汇聚于胶凝的上段。这必将对下端凝胶部分产生静压头。假设静压头为0.3psi/ft（典型为墨西哥湾的原油），在海底7,000英尺深度，对凝胶段施加的压头可高达2100磅。然后的问题是，“这种压力是否影响形成的凝胶强度，以及将如何影响管道的重新启动条件？”这个有趣的问题是目前进行了实验研究调查的主要焦点。
中期报告Waxy-Crude压力的影响Pipeline-Restart条件研究模型系统
屈服现象和管道重启。屈服应力是应力要求启动阈值的一个理想塑性流动fl uid。蜡原油凝胶剂具有理想塑性性质的,展览时间宾厄姆塑性流动行为在重新在对泵送压力恒定。
它是一种凝胶材料的屈服过程是一个复杂的过程,并提出了不同的模型来解释这一现象。Wardhaugh和Boger(1991)定义为“剪切屈服应力的胶凝油停止表现得像Hookean固体。"长丁晓萍。(1998)采用了一个three-yield应力概念:弹性极限(定义发作的粘弹性蠕变)、静态(在骨折发生),和动态屈服应力(描述分解结构屈服后)。在这三个,只有静态屈服应力是用来设计重新开始流泵关后。
用几种不同类型的设备和各种不同的方法(直接和间接)被用于确定屈服应力。所得结果和结论对他们的有效性和实用性大相径庭。应用毛细管U-tubes机构、大型飞行员管道设施,lab-scale模型管道、controlled-stress或-shear旋转流变仪实验(CSR)。
毛细管和管道测量tech-niques作用而受到批评是不适合的理解的屈服行为的静态蜡原油冷却因非线性压力分布、管道可压缩性的影响,孔隙度蜡的结构和收缩效应(Wardhaugh和Boger 1991)。然而,作者说,他们的结论是一个例外所做的工作被Ronningsen(1992),在合理的估计相比,屈服应力模型管道结果用恒应力流变仪。最近,李丁晓萍。(2007年)》也报道了一致性模型的同心仪管路系统。事实上,模型管道测试是最常见的实验室方法采取在凝胶强度测试,因为它的几何与真正的管道。在这样的测试中,凝胶形成受控条件下(冷却速度、老化温度等)和压力然后慢慢地应用于凝胶的一端,直到流观测。水泥浆胶凝强度(τ)是分析计算。
管道测试样品段长20英尺，外径为½英寸（内径0.38英寸）
stainless steel tubing (the hori-zontal bold blue line in the diagram) with a ball valve at the inlet
为不锈钢管（图中的水平粗体蓝线），在进口及出口（出口阀1）带有一个球形阀。
and outlet (Outlet Valve 1). The test section is jacketed in insulated PVC tubing capped at
测试段用绝缘的PVC管做护套，在两端封头
both ends and sealed with heat resistant glue. At the front end, the pipeline is connected to a
用耐热胶密封。在前端，管道连接到一个¼的十字接头上，
¼in. cross with outlets to vacuum, atmosphere, and a Ruska pump. At the back end, an
此接头出口连接到真空，大气，及一个Ruska泵上。在后端，
extension to Outlet Valve 2 provides ample space for the gel to break into. A ½in. T connector
出口阀2的延伸部分提供了足够的空间以便胶体接入。一个½英寸的T型连接器把测试段连接到
connects the test section to a vacuum line and the feed section. The Sample Feed Inlet and
一条真空管及供应段上。样品供应进口及
Atmosphere Outlet Valves (Valves 3 and 8) are connected to flex-ible ¼in. plastic tubing.
大气出口阀（阀3及8）连接到柔软的¼塑料管上。
An absolute pressure transducer installed on the pump line reads the front end pressure,
泵管路安装一个绝对压力传感器读取前端压力，
while a differential pressure (dP) transducer connected to the inlet and outlet ends of the pipe
同时管路的进口及出口端连接一个微分压力传感器
gives the differential pressure across the entire system. During elevated system pressure
来使微分压力贯串整个系统。在提升系统压力测试期间，
tests, the dP transducer reads approximately zero, indicating equal pressure applied at pipe
微分压力传感器读数近似为零，说明进口及出口的压力相等
inlet and outlet while the absolute pressure transducer indicates the true system pressure.
同时绝对压力传感器显示真实的系统压力。
However, during gel break, dP increases as pressure is applied with mineral oil from the Ruska
然而，胶体断开期间，当压力与从管路进口的Ruska 泵出来的矿物油同时应用时微分压力升高，
pump at the pipe inlet, and, once the pressure wave reaches the pipe outlet, dP begins to
并且，一旦压力波达到管路出口，微分压力开始下降，
drop, indicating gel break. A high-pressure accumulator with a metal disk sealed with an O-ring
说明胶体断开。一个带有一个金属盘并用一个O型圈密封的高压积累器用于提升压力测试。
was used for elevated pressure tests. Nitrogen gas was applied below the disk, which, in turn,
氮气作用于圆盘上，
compressed the mineral oil above it without any mixing effects (Fig. 3). A needle valve
圆盘依次压它上面的矿物油而不产生任何混合性影响（图3）。
connected to the nitrogen gas tank allowed very slow bleeding of the system at the end of
针形阀连接氮气罐，每次测试在端部允许系统非常缓慢的流动
each test. The choice of pressurizing with mineral oil rather than directly with nitrogen gas
选择用矿物油增压比直接用氮气要好
stemmed from the fact that nitrogen gas caused foaming to occur in the system and
事实上氮气能引起系统内部泡沫
complicated the bleeding process.
及流动过程复杂化。
Cooling and heating was achieved in the experimental setup with the programmable Julabo
带有可编程的JulaboF25冷藏循环器的实验装置内可以实现冷却及加热
F25 Refrigerated Circulator, which circulated water in the annulus between the PVC tubing
PVC管和样品管之间的环面内的循环器的循环水在内部循环
and the model pipe laying in it. Two thermocouples, one at the front end and another at the
两个热电偶，一个在管的前端，另一个在后端，
back end of the pipe, gave average temperatures in the system.
提供系统内的均匀温度。
The vacuum outlets served for three purposes: (1) to clear the pipe of model waxy crude used
真空出口有三个目的：（1）清理上次实验中使用的样品管内的蜡质物
in a previous experiment, (2) to load the pipeline at the beginning of each experiment, and (3)
（2）每次试验开始时的管路加载，以及（3）
to clear the sections behind the Inlet Valve and the Outlet Valve 1 and fill them with mineral oil.
清理进口阀及出口阀1后面的部分，并且用矿物油填充。
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