100分悬赏英文翻译,好的再加分,机译请绕道
研究选择
为了确定RCT的关于疗效bisphospho
nates预防脊椎，髋关节，并nonverte
在绝经后骨质疏松bral nonhip骨折
妇女，进行系统的文献检索。一
史蒂文森执行系统的文献回顾
同事在2005年（2）提供酒吧有关的研究
2002年10月lished前。要确定额外rele
2002年10月和6月之间出版的vant证据
2007年，MEDLINE，EMBASE和Cochrane数据库;
史蒂文森使用类似的搜索策略搜索使用
和他的同事（2）。搜索范围包括组合
有关骨质疏松症，后的自由文本和词库
绝经后妇女，骨折，间二膦酸盐
EST，并随机对照试验。
两名评价员独立评估每一个确定的
研究对下列预定甄选准则：
设计类型
研究设计的类型是双的随机对照试验
盲目期和3年的随访（或2年，如果使用
登记的目的）。只有充分发表的报告
被认为是被排除在外，字母和摘要。
干预
至少1研究组的干预，包括1
以下双磷酸盐类药物：阿仑膦酸钠，依替膦酸钠，
伊拜膦酸盐，利塞膦酸钠，唑来膦酸。
研究人群
研究人群包括绝经后
患有骨质疏松症的妇女。
结果测量
成果措施椎体骨折（形态
公制），髋部骨折和非脊椎nonhip骨折。
非椎骨的nonhip骨折，包括所有的骨折重
移植比椎体和髋部骨折等。
Yánjiū xuǎnzé wèile quèdìng RCT de guānyú liáoxiào bisphosphonates yùfáng jǐchuí, kuān guānjié, bìng nonverte zài juéjīng hòu gǔ zhí shūsōng bral nonhip gǔzhé fùnǚ, jìnxíng xìtǒng de wénxiàn jiǎnsuǒ. Yī shǐ dì wén sēn zhíxíng xìtǒng de wénxiàn huígù tóngshì zài 2005 nián (2) tígōng jiǔbā yǒuguān de yánjiū 2002 nián 10 yuè lished qián. Yào quèdìng éwài rele2002 nián 10 yuè hé 6 yuè zhī jiān chūbǎn de vant zhèngjù 2007 nián,MEDLINE,EMBASE hé Cochrane shùjùkù; shǐ dì wén sēn shǐyòng lèisì de sōusuǒ cèlüè sōusuǒ shǐyòng hé tā de tóngshì (2). Sōusuǒ fànwéi bāokuò zǔhé yǒuguān gǔ zhí shūsōng zhèng, hòu de zìyóu wénběn hé cí kù juéjīng hòu fùnǚ, gǔzhé, jiān èr lìn suān yán EST, bìng suíjī duìzhào shìyàn. Liǎng míng píngjià yuán dúlì pínggū měi yīgè quèdìng de yán jiù duì xiàliè yùdìng zhēnxuǎn zhǔnzé: Shèjì lèixíng yánjiū shèjì de lèixíng shì shuāng de suíjī duìzhào shìyàn mángmù qī hé 3 nián de suífǎng (huò 2 nián, rúguǒ shǐyòng dēngjì de mùdì). Zhǐyǒu chōngfèn fābiǎo de bàogào bèi rènwéi shì bèi páichú zàiwài, zìmǔ hé zhāiyào. Gānyù zhìshǎo 1 yánjiū zǔ de gānyù, bāokuò 1 yǐxià shuāng línsuān yán lèi yàowù: Ā lún lìn suān nà, yī tì lìn suān nà, yī bài lìn suān yán, lì sāi lìn suān nà, zuò lái lìn suān. Yánjiū rénqún yánjiū rénqún bāokuò juéjīng hòuhuàn yǒu gǔ zhí shūsōng zhèng de fùnǚ. Jiéguǒ cèliáng chéngguǒ cuòshī chuí tǐ gǔzhé (xíngtài gōngzhì), kuān bù gǔzhé hé fēi jǐchuí nonhip gǔzhé. Fēi chuígǔ de nonhip gǔzhé, bāokuò suǒyǒu de gǔzhé zhòng yízhí bǐ chuí tǐ hé kuān bù gǔzhé děng.
这种高度专业的文章，机器翻译是应付不了的！！
楼主的文章又难又长，要加分哟！！
The low degree, or even absence, of tolerance or dependence observed after chronic treatment with the dual inhibitors could be explained by a more specific stimulation of the opioid binding sites by the tonically released endogenous opioids. A limited opioid receptor occupation by the endogenous peptides is supported by in vivo binding studies, which demonstrated that the increase in tonically released endogenous enkephalins is too
low to saturate opioid receptors. Moreover, chronic morphine induces a hypersensitivity of noradrenaline-containing neurons in the locus coeruleus, considered as one of the main causes of the withdrawal syndrome.
通过对鸦片受体结合部位以持续释药内源性鸦片肽进行更特异性的刺激，可得以了解释经过双重抑制剂的长期治疗后所观察到的低度或甚至没有耐性或依赖性的现象。活体内结合研究证实内源性抗菌肽仅有限度地侵占鸦片受体，这表明增加持续释药内源性脑啡肽不足于渗透鸦片受体。而且，长期吗啡中毒所引起蓝斑核中含有去甲肾上腺素的神经细胞的超敏性，也被认为是戒断综合症的原因之一。
It is interesting to observe that in slices of rat pons, kelatorphan was able to potentiate strongly the firing of the locus coeruleus that had been induced by exogenous Met-enkephalin but had no intrinsic effect, indicating that there is little or no tonic endogenous opioid action in this brain region. This is probably one of the major reasons why the withdrawal syndrome is significantly milder after chronic treatment by dual inhibitors as compared with exogenous opioids. Indeed, it has been clearly demonstrated that the locus coeruleus is the most critical structure implicated in the development of dependence.
一个有意思的观测是在大鼠脑桥的切片里，凯拉托芬（注：一种脑啡肽酶抑制药）能够增强刺激由外源性甲硫脑啡肽所引起但没有本质性效应的蓝斑核，这表明脑部只有少许或没有持续内源性鸦片作用。也许这是为何经过双重抑制剂的长期治疗后，其戒断综合症比起外源性鸦片受体显著地比较温和的一个主要原因。确实，这已清楚体现，蓝斑核是依赖性演进中受牵涉的最关键结构。
On the other hand, an important distinction between opiate drugs and native peptides is that these two classes of ligand differ greatly in bioavailability, metabolism and modes of opioid receptor stimulation (review in [114,115]). This is likely to account for the observed difference in their potency to induce tolerance or dependence when they are administered at equieffective analgesic doses. The poor propensity of a given agonist to induce tolerance could be linked to its ability to promote opioid receptor internalization and recycling to the cell surface in a fully active state, thereby resensitizing【应该是desensitizing的笔误】 cells to agonist [116,117].
另一方面，鸦片烟剂与原生肽类最重要的区别是这两个级别的配位体在生物药效率、新陈代谢及鸦片受体的刺激模式都有很大的差距（评论在 [114,115]）。这也许可以解释所观测到当施予同等镇痛剂量时，它们对引发耐性或依赖性的不同效价。 激发剂在极度活性的状态下，能够促进鸦片受体的内在化及再循环至细胞表面，从而使细胞脱敏，这可能是激发剂习性薄弱的原因。[116,117].
Endogenous opioid peptides are typically released in a phasic or pulsatile manner. Opiate drugs, in contrast, persist in the extracellular milieu for a prolonged period of time, and activate opioid receptors in an abnormally prolonged manner. Opiate drugs that induce rapid desensitization and endocytosis of receptors may more closely mimic the phasic actions and physiological adaptations observed with endogenous opioid peptides.
内源性鸦片肽类的一般释药形式是阶段性或搏动性的。相反，鸦片类药物却长时间留在胞外周围，并且以非常延续方式刺激鸦片受体。引发受体的快速脱敏和内吞作用的鸦片类药物，可能更像是模仿对内源性鸦片肽所观测到的阶段性活动及生理适应。
In contrast, opiate drugs such as morphine, which are unable to induce endocytosis of receptors, persistently stimulate them, forcing other cellular mechanisms to compensate at downstream sites for this prolonged activation. Thus, morphine could have a strongest capability propensity to cause widespread changes in neural plasticity associated with drug addiction [118] than the natural morphine-like peptides. Side effects following chronic treatment with opiates are probably due to multiple cellular events involving several components of the cyclic AMP signal transduction cascade, such as CREB
相比之下，鸦片类药物如吗啡，它们不能引发受体的适应，持续不断地刺激受体，强迫其他细胞机理在下游部位来弥补这持续的刺激。因此，比起天然的类吗啡活性肽，吗啡可能是含有最强习性能够造成与药物成瘾相关的神经组织可塑性的广泛变化。[118] 接受鸦片类药物长期治疗导致的副作用可能是因为涉及环状磷酸腺苷信号转导级联多个成分的多重细胞效应的结果，例如合蛋白。
（CREB- cAMP response element-binding protein环状磷酸腺苷反应要素结合蛋白质；简称合蛋白）。
【英语牛人团】
Culture is in long-term human material production and the spiritual production, in constant social life and social interaction process, gradually formed and developed. In the natural economic society, people only in all kinds of activities within the scope of the small and isolated place, always by the limitations of regional. This makes tribes, regions and minority cultural communication between the rare, a period of world culture still more is spread out existent various community culture, have not form a general contact in the sense of global culture. The global culture is not only refers to the global culture, that is the sum of the human culture and the other nations of the world, the sum total of the national culture, and is mainly refers to the global sense of culture, namely each nation in the interaction occurred in the process of cultural exchange and communication, reference and absorption, fusion and convergence. The global culture does not mean that the global culture integration,, but a kind of homogenization system of culture, and a generalized of the cultural globalization. The global culture is homogeneity and diversity, global and national culture, the coexistence of there are both widely accepted and roughly the common cultural identity and advanced culture spreading and sharing, there exists different ethnic groups and different production, and different social system of the relative independence of culture with difficult compatibility. The global culture is a world culture of contradictory unity. The formation and development of global culture, is through the history of the world economy, politics, science and technology and other factors of integration function of the realization of the productive forces, in certain based on certain historical forms of social material contact and the material transformation way, to the expansion of global culture plays a direct role. Only in the general developing productivity based on communication and exchange universality, to bring global sense of cultural general contact possible. The emergence of global culture, and history to world history is the same process of change. The spread of culture to rely on certain media development, including the development of traffic and communication tools. The transportation and communication tools behind that of Commodity Exchange and circulation, and natural limits the cultural exchange and transmission. The integration of global cultural trend, as international expansion of the universal association, countries all over the world connected with each other and depend on each other, become ever-increasingly degree inevitable trend. Globalization is making the world a system of existence, any country can't be in the conservative and closed in the state of development, reform and opening up have become a world trend; Any country activities could not influence, spread to other countries, also not be completely out of the international society of rules and constraints. The process of economic globalization inevitably with political and cultural fields of the diffusion and the spread of culture and the civilization, different in collision and conflict has also had the penetration and complementary. In the 20 century later the process of economic globalization, cultural capital becomes the modern capital of a new form, including knowledge, technology, information, culture output become the main source of capital returns. In the productivity of the expansion means of knowledge, especially the innovation, the knowledge become the main force of economic expansion, into a global "common language". Knowledge of the production, are sold and knowledge consumption, buying a new international relations, multinational companies in many ways to become the economic globalization and cultural transmission impetus. Globalization process itself, also is the generation of new global culture. Product innovation, technology innovation quickly spread to all over the world, global consumption of the same new products, and execute the same technology standards. WTO restriction effect, requires countries to perform the same, equity trading rules. Products, technology, rules, it is certain the product of culture. Some products, technology, the spread of the rules, it means that the spread of some culture. The institutionalization of the contemporary society, improve the international affairs, strengthen the cooperation reflects the human face common topic, and there is a common interests. The human face a common topic requirements of countries all over the world common participation and collective action, this request form get universal standards of behaviour, value criterion, also is the form culture consensus. Promote cultural consensus process, is also the global culture fusion process. The global trend, although the cultural integration to pay the price of history, on the whole, favorable to the productivity of universal development and communication, social history to establish common progress. Culture is the wealth of the human creation, cultural resources sharing and has the non-exclusive. Science, technology development, by some countries after by other countries, absorption and utilization can be greatly enhanced the cultural creation outside effect, reduce duplication of discoveries and inventions waste. It cannot be denied that the fusion of global cultural trends and not in state and national culture on the basis of equal contact realize. Contemporary globalization is DuoZhong contradictory coexistence, which includes not only the communication of the cultural fusion, it contains deep-rooted culture gap.
好多吖！这个网啥都有。。。额，找得好费气。楼主。。呵呵
Culture is in long-term human material production and the spiritual production, in constant social life and social interaction process, gradually formed and developed. In the natural economic society, people only in all kinds of activities within the scope of the small and isolated place, always by the limitations of regional. This makes tribes, regions and minority cultural communication between the rare, a period of world culture still more is spread out existent various community culture, have not form a general contact in the sense of global culture. The global culture is not only refers to the global culture, that is the sum of the human culture and the other nations of the world, the sum total of the national culture, and is mainly refers to the global sense of culture, namely each nation in the interaction occurred in the process of cultural exchange and communication, reference and absorption, fusion and convergence. The global culture does not mean that the global culture integration,, but a kind of homogenization system of culture, and a generalized of the cultural globalization. The global culture is homogeneity and diversity, global and national culture, the coexistence of there are both widely accepted and roughly the common cultural identity and advanced culture spreading and sharing, there exists different ethnic groups and different production, and different social system of the relative independence of culture with difficult compatibility. The global culture is a world culture of contradictory unity. The formation and development of global culture, is through the history of the world economy, politics, science and technology and other factors of integration function of the realization of the productive forces, in certain based on certain historical forms of social material contact and the material transformation way, to the expansion of global culture plays a direct role. Only in the general developing productivity based on communication and exchange universality, to bring global sense of cultural general contact possible. The emergence of global culture, and history to world history is the same process of change. The spread of culture to rely on certain media development, including the development of traffic and communication tools. The transportation and communication tools behind that of Commodity Exchange and circulation, and natural limits the cultural exchange and transmission. The integration of global cultural trend, as international expansion of the universal association, countries all over the world connected with each other and depend on each other, become ever-increasingly degree inevitable trend. Globalization is making the world a system of existence, any country can't be in the conservative and closed in the state of development, reform and opening up have become a world trend; Any country activities could not influence, spread to other countries, also not be completely out of the international society of rules and constraints. The process of economic globalization inevitably with political and cultural fields of the diffusion and the spread of culture and the civilization, different in collision and conflict has also had the penetration and complementary. In the 20 century later the process of economic globalization, cultural capital becomes the modern capital of a new form, including knowledge, technology, information, culture output become the main source of capital returns. In the productivity of the expansion means of knowledge, especially the innovation, the knowledge become the main force of economic expansion, into a global "common language". Knowledge of the production, are sold and knowledge consumption, buying a new international relations, multinational companies in many ways to become the economic globalization and cultural transmission impetus. Globalization process itself, also is the generation of new global culture. Product innovation, technology innovation quickly spread to all over the world, global consumption of the same new products, and execute the same technology standards. WTO restriction effect, requires countries to perform the same, equity trading rules. Products, technology, rules, it is certain the product of culture. Some products, technology, the spread of the rules, it means that the spread of some culture. The institutionalization of the contemporary society, improve the international affairs, strengthen the cooperation reflects the human face common topic, and there is a common interests. The human face a common topic requirements of countries all over the world common participation and collective action, this request form get universal standards of behaviour, value criterion, also is the form culture consensus. Promote cultural consensus process, is also the global culture fusion process. The global trend, although the cultural integration to pay the price of history, on the whole, favorable to the productivity of universal development and communication, social history to establish common progress. Culture is the wealth of the human creation, cultural resources sharing and has the non-exclusive. Science, technology development, by some countries after by other countries, absorption and utilization can be greatly enhanced the cultural creation outside effect, reduce duplication of discoveries and inventions waste. It cannot be denied that the fusion of global cultural trends and not in state and national culture on the basis of equal contact realize. Contemporary globalization is DuoZhong contradictory coexistence, which includes not only the communication of the cultural fusion, it contains deep-rooted culture gap.
OMG So freaking long.
Yeah I agree with the bro upstairs.
You should totally do this on yourself
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