英语高手请进!!!!在线等!!!
答案是on
congratulation on 对…表示衷心祝贺 固定搭配 表后面的事情已经实现
这个例子是词典中的原型：
We offered our congratulations on his passing the college entrance exams.
我们对他通过大学入学考试表示祝贺。
for有时候 是表示一种愿望，但是事情并没有发生，尚未实现
Congratulations and warmest wishes for your birthday and every day.
祝你生日快乐，天天快乐！
Congratulations on your wedding best wish for your future happiness.
祝贺你们结婚并祝你们永远幸福。
As we know, the rate of committing crimes are becoming increasly high,especially in The United States.Now there's not yet been figured out why people commit crimes,even some scientists have been puzzled.
Therefore, I'd like to share with you some of my opinions that how I regard crime committing.There are generally three reasons for that.
Firstly,crime committing can bring them some benefits,regardless of how many they can get.This kind of behaviour may be done actively or passively.People who commit crimes are classified into two groups:optimistic and pessimistic.Optimistic people are unwilling to do crimes,but there are some reasons that force them to .Pessimistic people are those who take it as their life,they just want to get happiness from others' sadness.
Secondly,People commit crimes accidentally,like killing someone without consciousness,or that happens by chance.Those people will feel regretful for their behaviour.
Thirdly,people who are mentally disabled who commit crimes for nothing.They don't know what they are doing,and what they did is far beyond human realization.Generally speaking, those people should be kept in asylum and released only when they have been completely cured.
To sum up,people commit crimes positively or negatively,purposeful or unconsciously.More evidence should be raised if you want to go into detail.
英语启蒙讲座（十二） 形容词和副词
一．形容词
1．定义：
用来描写或修饰名词或代词的词。如：I have a big bag. (我有一个大书包。)
2．形容词的位置：
大多形容词放在修饰的名词之前。如：This is a beautiful flower. (这花很漂亮。)
有些形容词放在它所修饰的名词之后。形容词修饰由some (一些), any （任何）, every（每）, no（不） 等构成的复合不定代词时须放在后面，如：There is something wrong with my father. (我爸爸有些不舒服。)
有些形容词只能作表语。如：ill（有病的）, late（迟到的） 及以a-开头的单词，包括：afraid（害怕, awake（醒的）, aware （意识到的）, asleep（睡熟的）, alone（独自的）, alive（活着的）等。这些形容词必须后置。 如： The boy is asleep. (这个孩子睡着了。)
3． 形容词的功能：形容词修饰名词或代词，在句中用作定语，表语等。
用作定语
如：The old man walks slowly.(这位老人慢慢地走着。)
用作表语。
如： I was late yesterday. (昨天我迟到了。)
4． 形容词的排列顺序
同类形容词的排列顺序：与名词关系较密切的靠近名词最近。而且要短词在前，长词在后。如：She is a tall beautiful girl. (她是个又高又漂亮的女孩。)
This is an interesting Chinese story. （这是一个有趣的中国故事。）
有一个以上的词语修饰名词时，他们的次序往往比较固定。大致为：限定词（包括冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词）+数词+描述形容词（短词在前，长词在后）+表示特征的形容词（包括大小、形状、新旧、年龄等）+颜色形容词+类属形容词+名词。:如: This is a beautiful red cotton shirt. （这是一件漂亮的红色棉衬衫。）
二．副词
1． 定义：
用以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及句子的词。表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。如： He speaks slowly. (他说话很慢。)
2． 副词的种类
1） 时间副词：yesterday（昨天）, today（今天）, tomorrow（明天）, last week（上周）, this month（这个月）, a month ago（一个月前）, recently（最近）, still（仍旧，还）, already（已经）, immediately（立刻）, just（正好）, now（现在）, first（首先）, before（在前）, later（稍后）, next（其次）, these days（这些天）, suddenly（突然地）, then（那么）, yet（仍旧）.
2） 地点、方向副词: away(在远处), here （在这里）, there（在那里）, anywhere（无论何处）, somewhere（在某处）, outside （在外面）, left（在左边）, west（向西方）, behind（在后地）
3） 方式副词:方式副词大多是由形容词加上-ly构成。如：quickly(很快地)，slowly（慢慢地）, heavily（沉重地）, easily（容易地）, angrily（生气地）, brotherly（兄弟般地）, monthly（每月一次）, warmly（热心地）, coldly（冷淡地）, cheaply（便宜地）, loudly（大声地）
4） 频率副词: once (一次), twice（两次）, three times（三次）, weekly（每周一次）, monthly（每月一次）, every day（每天）, always（总是）, sometimes（有时）, often（常常）, never（从不）, nearly（几乎）, usually（通常）, ever（曾经）, again（再次）
5） 程度副词: little (很少), enough（足够地）, too（也，太）, very（很，非常） , much（多）, nearly（几乎）, quite（十分）, rather（相当，宁愿）, only（仅仅）, badly (糟糕地)
6） 观点副词：表示说话人对自己所说内容的态度，它并不影响句子的语法结构。Surely（的确地）, definitely（明确地）, luckily（幸运地）, really（真正地）, clearly（明显地）, obviously（明显地）, happily（愉快地）, honestly（真诚地）, hopefully（有希望地）, in fact（事实上）, in my opinion（依我看来）, as you know（你知道的）, strangely（奇怪地）, fortunately（幸运地）, unfortunately（不幸地）
7） 肯定副词、否定副词：肯定副词为yes (是的), 否定副词为no（不）
8） 连接副词：at the same time （同时）, meanwhile (期间), however（无论如何）, on the contrary（正相反），as a result（结果）
9） 疑问副词、关系副词：when (什么时候), where（在哪里）, why（为什么）, how（怎样）
3． 副词的位置：副词的位置比较灵活。一般来说，观点副词、肯定副词、否定副词放在句首；方式副词可放在句首、句中、句尾；程度副词放在它所修饰的形容词、副词之前；频率副词多位于句子中间，即助动词与行为动词之间。
疑问句中副词一般只放在句中或句末。
如：Do you usually get up at seven every day? (你通常每天七点钟起床吗？)
大多数副词放在谓语动词后，如有宾语，放在宾语后面。
如： She reads the book carefully. (她读书很仔细。)
有些副词如：sometimes, often, perhaps等可放在句中、句首、句末。 如：Sometimes she comes very early. （有时候她来得很早。）
She sometimes comes very early. （有时候她来得很早。）
She comes very early sometimes. （有时候她来得很早。）
4． 副词的功能
修饰动词。如：He does his homework carefully. (他做作业很认真)。
修饰形容词。 如：I am very hungry. （我非常饿。）
修饰句子。如： As a result, he tells the truth. (结果他说了真话。)
三．形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
大多数形容词和副词有三个比较等级，即原级、比较级和最高级。比较等级的构成规则为：
1． 单音节和部分双音节形容词
一般情况下，在词尾直接加-er, -est. 如：long-longer-longest (长的-更长-最长)
以不发音的字母-e结尾的，在词尾加-r, -st. 如：brave-braver-bravest (勇敢-更勇敢-最勇敢)
以辅音字母加y结尾的，先把y变为i , 再加–er，-est。 如：heavy-heavier-heaviest (重的-更重的-最重的)
重读闭音节单词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，要双写这一字母，再加-er, -est. 如：hot-hotter-hottest (热的-更热的-最热的)
big-bigger-biggest (大的-更大的-最大的)
fat-fatter-fattest （胖的-更胖的-最胖的）
thin-thinner-thinnest （瘦的-更瘦的-最瘦的）
2． 多数多音节词和部分双音节形容词和副词，在词前加more, most.
如：important—more important—most important (重要的—更重要的—最重要的)
careful—more careful—most careful (仔细的—更仔细的—最仔细的)
quickly—more quickly—most quickly (快地—更快地—最快地)
3． 少数形容词和副词不规则的构成
good (well)—better—best (好的--更好的—最好的)
bad (ill) – worse –worst （坏的—更坏的—最坏的）
many (much) –more—most （多的—更多的—最多的）
little—less—least （少的—更少的—最少的）
far—farther—farthest far—further—furthest （远的—更远的—最远的）
old—older—oldest old—elder—eldest （老的—更老的—最老的）
4． 形容词和副词比较等级的用法
原级as…as, not as…as
如： I am as tall as you. (我和你一样高。)
This summer is not as hot as last summer. (今年夏天没有去年夏天那么热。)
比较级 …..than… 如：English is more difficult than Chinese.(英语比汉语更难。)
She is taller than me. （她比我高。）
最高级：形容词最高级前面使用定冠词the, 副词最高级前面可以省略the.
如：He is the tallest in our class.（他在我们班里是最高的。）
He works（the）hardest in his class.（他在班里学习是最刻苦的。）
四．练习 把下列句子翻译成中文，理解句中形容词和副词的用法
1． Please speak louder.
2． Mary can’t speak as well as Jim.
3． Listen to me more carefully than before, please.
4． He runs the fastest in the sports meeting.
5． I like spring best.
1.将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。
例1：What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
你明天这个时候将做什么？
例2：My brother’ll have to take care of you.I’ll call him today and he’ll be expecting you.
我的兄弟一定会关照你的。我今天给他打个电话，然后他就会等你去。
2．完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式。
3．完成时态
完成时态表示已完成或从事的动作，它可分为：
1) 现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用)，或者过去某一时该发生的，持续到现在的情况，甚至还可能继续下去(常与for,since连用)。
例1：He has just come back from town.
他刚从城里回来。
例2．We’ve known each other since childhood.我们从童年时代起就彼此认识了。
注：现在完成时与与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的关系，如所发生的结果、影响等；而一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去表示某一时刻，不表示与现在的关系。
1.There seemed little hope that the explorer,____in the tropical forest,would find his way though it.
a.to be deserted
b.to have been deswrted
c.having deserted
d.having been deserted
2.I appreciated____the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
a.having been given
b.to have been givern
c.having given
d.to have given
3.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free,owing to its always____with other elements,most commonly with oxygen.
a.combined
b.having combined
c.combine
d.being combined
现在时
一般现在时，表示客观事实或真理。结构：主语＋动词原形（第三人称单数时动词加s）如：
He lives in Nanjing.
You look very hungry now.
2.现在进行时，表示现在正在进行或继续的动作，状态。如：
He is writing a letter at present.
It is raining now.
John is doing his assignment right now.
3．现在完成时, 表示过去的动作对现在有影响或过去的动作持续到现在。如：
He has just come back.
I have already seen it.
I have lived here for ten years.
4.现在完成进行时,表示从过去某时开始，一直继续到目前的动作。其特点在强调“动作的继续”性质。如：
He”s very tired, he has been working hard all day.
过去时
一般过去时,表示过去的事情，动作，状态或过去的习惯。如：
Bill was very thin when he was a child.
John went to Shanghai yesterday.
过去进行时,表示过去某时正在进行的动作。如：
I was watching TV at eight o”clock last night.
He was sleeping when I arrived.
过去完成时,表示过去某个动作发生以前的动作。如：
The train had gone before we reached the station.
After you had gone, I went to sleep.
过去完成进行时,表示过去某个动作发生以前的持续的动作。如：
We had been waiting for him an hour when he arrived.
将来时
一般将来时, 表示将来的动作或状态。如：
I will go to the movies tonight.
It will be fine tomorrow.
将来进行时，表示将来某时正在进行的动作。如：
When we get there, they will be eating.
将来完成时，表示将来某点时间或将来某动作之前业已完成的动作。如：
By next May he will have lived here for six years.
I shall have finished the book when you come next time.
将来完成进行时, 表示将来某点时间或将来某动作之前业已完成的动作的继续。如：
By June, we shall have been learning English for three years.
1现在完成时: have done/has done(第三人称单数)
2过去完成时: had done
3一般现在时: do/does(第三人称单数)
4一般将来时: will do
5一般过去时: did
6现在进行时: be doing
7过去将来时: would do
1现在完成时: have done/has done
2过去完成时: had done
3一般现在时: do/does
4一般将来时: will do
5一般过去时: did
6现在进行时: be doing
7过去将来时: would do
NO.1现在完成时: have done/has done(第三人称单数)
NO.2过去完成时: had done
NO.3一般现在时: do/does(第三人称单数)
NO.4一般将来时: will do
NO.5一般过去时: did
NO.7过去将来时: would do
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