求英语高手帮忙翻译一篇文章，100分送上，急用。GOOGLE、百度翻译勿来，纯人工。

作者&投稿：崔怎（联系方式在网页底部的电邮联系）

求一文章，解释、介绍用辐射来人工诱变育种的~

诱变育种是利用物理或化学诱变剂处理均匀分散的微生物细胞群，促进其突变率大幅度提高，然后采用简便、快速和高效的筛选方法，从中挑选少数符合育种目的的突变株，以供生产实践或科学研究用。当前发酵工业和其他生产单位所使用的高产菌株，几乎都是通过诱变育种而大大提高了生产性能的菌株。诱变育种除能提高产量外，还可达到改善产品质量、扩大品种和简化生产工艺等目的。诱变育种具有方法简单、快速和收效显著等特点，故仍是目前被广泛使用的主要育种方法之一。
在丰富多彩的生物界中，蕴含着形形色色的变异现象。在这些变异现象中，有的仅仅是由于环境因素的影响造成的，并没有引起生物体内的遗传物质的变化，因而不能够遗传下去，属于不遗传的变异。有的变异现象是由于生殖细胞内的遗传物质的改变引起的，因而能够遗传给后代，属于可遗传的变异。可遗传的变异有三种来源：基因突变，基因重组，染色体变异。

基因突变：
正常人的红细胞是圆饼状的，镰刀型细胞贫血症患者的红细胞却是弯曲的镰刀状的。这样的红细胞容易破裂，使人患溶性贫血，严重时会导致死亡，分子生物学的研究表明，镰刀型细胞贫血症是由基因突变引起的一种遗传病。
基因突变的概念人们在对镰刀型细胞贫血症患者的血红蛋白分子进行检查时发现，患者血红蛋白分子的多肽链上，一个谷氨酸被缬氨酸替换。为什么发生氨基酸分子结构的改变呢？经过研究发现，这是由于控制合成血红蛋白分子的DNA的碱基序列发生了改变，这种改变最终导致了镰刀型细胞贫血症的产生。
除碱基的替换以外，控制合成血红蛋白分子的DNA的碱基序列发生碱基的增添或缺失，有时也会导致血红蛋白病的产生。由于DNA分子中发生碱基对增添、缺失或改变，而引起的基因结构的改变，就叫做基因突变。
基因突变是染色体的某一个位点基因的改变。基因突变使一个基因变成它的等位基因，并且通常会引起一定的表现型变化。例如，小麦从高秆变成矮秆，普通羊群中出现了短腿的安康羊等，都是基因突变的结果。
基因突变在生物进化中具有重要意义。它是生物变异的根本来源，为生物进化提供了最初的原材料。
引起基因突变的因素很多，可以归纳为三类：一类是物理因素，如X射线、激光等；另一类是化学因素，是指能够与DNA分子起作用而改变DNA分子性质的物质，如亚硝酸、碱基类似物等；第三类是生物因素，包括病毒和某些细菌等。
基因突变的特点基因突变作为生物变异的一个重要来源，它具有以下主要特点。
第一，基因突变在生物界中是普遍存在的。无论是低等生物，还是高等的动植物以及人，都可能发生基因突变。基因突变在自然界的特种中广泛存在。例如，棉花的短果枝，水稻的矮秆、糯性，果蝇的白眼、残翅，家鸽羽毛的灰红色，以及人的色盲、糖尿病、白化病等遗传病，都是突变性状。自然条件下发生的基因突变叫做自然突变，人为条件下诱发产生的基因突变叫做诱发突变。
第二，基因突变是随机发生的。它可以发生在生物个体发育的任何时期。一般来说，在生物个体发育的过程中，基因突变发生的时期越迟，生物体表现突变的部分就越少。例如，植物的叶芽如果在发育的早期发生基因突变，那么由这个叶芽长成的枝条，上面着生的叶、花和果实都有可能与其他枝条不同。如果基因突变发生在花芽分化时，那么，将来可能只在一朵花或一个花序上表现出变异。
基因突变可以发生在细胞中，也可以发生在生殖细胞中。发生在生殖细胞中的突变，可以通过受精作用直接传递给后代。发生在体细胞中的突变，一般是不能传递给后代的。
第三，在自然状态下，对一种生物来说，基因突变的频率是很低的。据估计，在高等生物中，约10五次方到10的八次方个生殖细胞中，才会有1个生殖细胞发生基因突变，突变率是10的负五次方到10的负八次方。
第四，在多数基因突变对生物体是有害的。由于任何一物都是长期进化过程的产物，它们与环境条件已经取得了高度的协调。如果发生基因突变，就有可能破坏这种协调关系。因此，基因突变对于生物的生存往往是有害的。例如，绝大多数的人类遗传病，就是由基因突变造成的，这些病对人类健康构成了严重威胁。又如，植物中常见的白化苗，也是基因突变形成的。这种苗由于缺乏叶绿素，不能进行光合作用制造有机物，最终导致死亡。但是，也有少数基因突变是有利的。例如，植物的抗病性突变、耐旱性突变、微生物的抗药性突变等，都是有利于生物生存的。
第五，基因突变是不定向的。一个基因可以向不同的方向发生突变，产生一个以上的等位基因。例如，控制小鼠毛色的灰色基因可以突变成黄色基因，也可以突变成黑色基因。
人工诱变在育种上的应用人工诱变是指利用物理因素（如X射线、γ射线、紫外线、激光等）或化学因素（如亚硝酸、硫酸二乙酯等）来处理生物，使生物发生基因突变。用这种方法可以提高突变率，创造人类需要的变异类型，从中选择、培育出优良的生物品种。

基因重组：
基因重组是指在生物体进行有性生殖的过程中，控制不同性状的基因的重新组合。基因的自由组合定律告诉我们，在生物体通过减数分裂形成配子时，随着非同源染色体体的自由组合，非等位基因也自由组合，这样，由雌雄配子结合形成是一种类型的基因重组。在减数分裂形成四分体时，由于同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体之间常常发生局部交换，这些染色体单体上的基因组合，是另一种类型的基因重组。
基因重组是通过有性生殖过程实现的。在有性生殖过程中，由于父本和母本的遗传特质基础不同，当二者杂交时，基因重新组合，就能使子代产生变异，通过这种来源产生的变异是非常丰富的。父本与母本自身的杂合性越高，二者的遗传物质基础相差越大，基因重组产生变异的可能性也越大。以豌豆为例，当具有10对相对性状（控制这10对相对性状的等位基因分别位于10对同源染色体上）的亲本进杂交时，如果只考虑基因的自由组合所引起的基因重组，F2可能出现的表现型就有1024种（即2的十次方）。在生物体内，尤其是在高等动植物体内，控制性状的基因的数目是非常巨大，因此，通过有性生殖产生的杂交后代的表现型种类是很多的。如果把同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体交换引起的基因重组也考虑在内，那么生物通过有性生殖产生的变异就更多了。
由此可见，通过有性生殖过程实现的基因重组，为生物变异提供了极其丰富的来源。这是形成生物多样性的重要原因之一，对于生物进化具有十分重要的意义。

染色体变异：
基因突变是染色体的某一个位点上基因的改变，这种改变在光学显微镜下是看不见的。而染色体变异是可以用显微镜直接观察到的比较明显的染色体变化，如染色体结构的改变、染色体数目的增减等。

染色体结构的变异：
人类的许多遗传病是由染色体结构改变引起的。例如，猫叫综合征是人的第5号染色体部分缺失引起的遗传病，因为患病儿童哭声轻，音调高，很像猫叫而得名。猫叫综合征患者的两眼距离较远，耳位低下，生长发育迟缓，而且存在严重的智力障碍。
在自然条件或人为因素的影响下，染色体发生的结构变异主要有4种：1.染色体中某一片段的缺失；2.染色体增加了某一片段；3.染色体某一片段的位置颠倒了180度；4.染色体的某一片段移接到另一条非同源染色体上。
上述染色体结构的改变，都会使排列在染色体上的基因的数目和排列顺序发生改变，从而导致性状的变异。大多数染色体结构变异对生物体是不利的，有的甚至会导致物体死亡。

染色体数目的变异：
一般来说，每一种生物的染色体数目都是稳定的，但是，在某些特定的环境条件下，生物体的染色体数目会发生改变，从而产生可遗传的变异。染色体数目的变异可以分为两类：一类是细胞内的个别染色体增加或减少，另一类是细胞内的染色体数目以染色体组的形式成倍地增加或减少。
染色体组在大多数生物的体细胞中，染色体都是两两成对的。例如，果蝇有4对共8条染色体，这4对染色体可以分成两组，每一组中包括3条常染色体和1条性染色体。就雄果蝇来说，在精子形成的过程中，经过减数分裂，染色体的数目减半，所以雄果蝇的精子中含有一组非同源染色体（Ⅹ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ 或 Y、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ）
细胞中的一组非同源染色体，它们在形态和功能上各不相同，但是携带着控制一种生物生长发育、遗传和变异的全部信息，这样的一组染色体，叫做一个染色体组。例如，雄果蝇精子中的这组染色体就组成了一个染色体组。
二倍体和多倍体由受精卵发育而成的个体，体细胞中含有两个染色体组的叫做二倍体。体细胞中含有三个或三个以上染色体组的叫做多倍体。其中，体细胞中含有三个染色体组的叫做三倍体；体细胞中含有四个染色体组的叫做四倍体。例如，人、果蝇、玉米是二倍体，香蕉是三倍体，马铃薯是四倍体。多倍体在植物中很常见，在动物中比较少见。
多倍体产生的主要原因，是体细胞在有丝分裂的过程中，染色体完成了复制，但是细胞受到外界环境条件（如温度骤变）或生物内部因素的干扰，纺锤体的形成受到破坏，以致染色体不能被拉向两极，细胞也不能分裂成两个子细胞，于是就形成染色体数目加倍的细胞。如果这样的细胞继续进行正常的有丝分裂，就可以发育成染色体数目加倍的组织或个体。
人工诱导多倍体在育种上的应用与二倍体植株相比，多倍体植株的茎秆粗壮，叶片、果实和种子都比较大，糖类和蛋白质等营养物质的含量都有所增加。例如，四倍体葡萄的果实比二倍体品种的大得多，四倍体番茄的维生素C的含量比二倍体的品种几乎增加了一倍。因此，人们常常采用人工诱导多倍体的方法来获得多倍体，培育新品种。
人工诱导多倍体的方法很多。目前最常用而且最有效的方法，是用秋水仙素来处理萌发的种子或幼苗。当秋水仙素作用于正在分裂的细胞时，能够抑制纺锤体形成，导致染色体不分离，从而引起细胞内染色体数目加倍。染色体数目加倍的细胞继续进行正常的有丝分裂，将来就可以发育成多倍体植株。目前世界各国利用人工诱导多倍体的方法已经培育出不少新品种，如含糖量高的三倍体无子西瓜和甜菜。此外，我国科技工作者还创造出自然界没有的作物----八倍体小黑麦。
单倍体在生物的体细胞中，染色体的数目不仅可以成倍地增加，还可以成倍地减少。例如，蜜蜂的蜂王和工蜂的体细胞中有32条染色体，而雄蜂的体细胞中只有16条染色体。像蜜蜂的雄蜂这样，体细胞中含有本物种配子染色体数目的个体，叫做单倍体。
在自然条件下，玉米、高粮、水稻、番茄等高等植物，偶尔也会出现单倍体植株。与正常植株相比，单倍体植株长得弱小，而且高度不育。但是，它们在育种上有特殊的意义。育种工作者常常采用花药离体培养的方法来获得单倍体植株，然后经过人工诱导使染色体数目加倍，重新恢复到正常植株的染色体数目。用这种方法得到的植株，不仅能够正常生殖，而且每对染色体上的成对的基因都是纯合的，自交产生的后代不会发生性状分离。因此，利用单倍体植株培育新品种，只需要两年时间，就可以得到一个稳定的纯系品种。与常规的杂交育种方法相比，明显缩短了育种年限。

本人是翻译化工类添加剂的，有关专业词汇参照化工词典和金山词霸。供参考。
Unshaped refractory is composed of granular and powdery materials with reasonable graduation; it is a kind of refractory that could be used directly without molding and firing. The fundamental component of the unshaped refractory is granular and powdery refractory. There are different kinds of refractory. And according to its technological characteristic, it could be divided into the castable refractory, plastic refractory, rammed refractory, sprayed refractory, projecting refractory and fire clay.

女士们先生们：
晚上好，我很荣幸能够站在这里发表我的演讲。众所周知，从一开始的石器时代到工业发达的蒸汽时代，直到今天，我们生活在一个电子时代。在这段时间里，有许多非常著名的发明，一直沿用至今。比如我们现在用的电话，电灯，电视，汽车，飞机等，这些都是日常生活中我们最不可缺的发明，但是说到在我眼中最伟大的发明，那么我会说，她是计算机。
世界上第一台计算机诞生于1946年美国宾夕法尼亚大学，她叫埃尼阿克，发明她的人就是号称计算机之父的冯•诺依曼（John Von Neumann）。虽然ENIAC体积庞大，耗电惊人，运算速度不过几千次！），但它比当时已有的计算装置要快1000倍，而且还有按事先编好的程序自动执行算术运算、逻辑运算和存储数据的功能。ENIAC宣告了一个新时代的开始。从此科学计算的大门也被打开了。
伴随着计算机的发明，随之出现了许多的扩展发明，就像因特网，他把世界上每一台联网的计算机紧密的联合在了一起，实现了数据共享和传输，也方便了信息的传递，人们足不出门就可知道世界上都发生了什么事情。利用计算机我们还可以写一些程序，方便我们做一些繁琐的事情，也替我们在人类根本无法承受的恶劣环境下进行一些重要的作业。并且，在信息时代的今天，我们会有很多重要的数据，比如军事机密数据，平常人们生活中产生的数据，全都需要计算机来储存，并且在呈现给人们。更好的节约了人们在档案中翻找的时间，也节省了空间。
所以，我认为，计算机的发明，是世界上最伟大的发明。我希望通过我的努力学习，我也会成为一名像冯•诺依曼这样伟大的人。

Ladies and Gentlemen:
Good evening, I am honored to stand here to express my speech. As we all know, from the beginning of the Stone Age to the industrial development of the steam era, until today, we live in an electronic age. During this time, there are many well-known invention, still in use. For example we are using the telephone, lights, television, automobiles, aircraft, etc., these are the most essential daily lives of our invention, but it comes in my eyes the greatest invention, then I would say that she is the computer.
The world's first computer was born in 1946, the University of Pennsylvania, she called Eni Ake, who is known as the invention of her father's computer • von Neumann (John Von Neumann). Although the ENIAC in size, amazing power, computing speed, but thousands of times! ), But it is more than the then existing computing devices 1,000 times faster, but also by pre-programmed to automatically perform arithmetic, logical, and store data. ENIAC proclaimed a new era. Calculated from the doors of science was opened.
With the invention of the computer, the resulting expansion of many inventions, like the Internet, he put the world on every networked computer in a tight joint together to achieve the data sharing and transfer, but also to facilitate information transfer, people go abroad on both doors can know the world what happened. We can also use computers to write some programs to help us do some complicated things, but also for us humans can not stand in the harsh environment of some major operations. And, in the information age of today, we will have a lot of important data, such as military secrets, data, ordinary people's lives in the data generated, all need a computer to store, and presented to the people. Better to save people time rummaging in the archives, but also saves space.
So, I think the invention of the computer, is the world's greatest invention. I hope through my efforts to learn, I would like to be a von Neumann • such a great person.

Ladies and Gentlemen:
Good evening!
It is really an honor for me to give a speech here.
As we all know,with the passing by of the stone age and the steam age when the manufacture fully used, we live in the electronic age now. A lot of useful inventions have been occured during this period of time such as telephones,electric lights,T.V,cars planes ect..All these are the necessary inventions.But, if being asked what do you think is the most important invention,the answer is --COMPUTER.
1946,University of Pennsylvania,the first computer named Eniac was born.Then John Von Neumann was called "the father of computer".Eniac,she is fat,eats a lot and kind of slow when counting--thousands of times per min.But what could not be ignored is that she is 1000 times faster than the accounting device at that time. Except this,the ability of arithmetic operation,logical calculus,data storage also makes her nicer.Eniac,the symbol of new time!从此科学计算的大门也被打开了。(这句话语义重复，不要）One of Eniac's sister the Internet,combines each computer in the world tightness,which makes date sharing and transmission come true.That also enable us to know what happens without going outside.The program which being made with the help of computer could let the fussy things easier. (没答完，大后天接着答)

Ladies and gentlemen:
Good evening, I am very honored to stand here to express my speech. As everyone knows, from the beginning of the stone age to the industrial development in the age of steam, until today, we live in an electronic age. During this time, there are many very famous invention, has been in use ever since. For example, we now use telephone, lamp, television, automobile, aircraft, these are our daily life the essential method, but when it comes to the greatest invention in my eyes, then I would say, she is a computer.
The world's first computer was born in 1946 in the United States of America University of Pennsylvania, she called ENIAC, the invention of her people is known as the father of the computer to the von Neumann ( John Von Neumann ). Although ENIAC volume is huge, amazing speed of operation power consumption, but thousands of times! ) , but it was better than the then existing calculating device 1000 times faster, but also according to programmed to automatically perform arithmetic, logic, and data storage function. ENIAC announced the beginning of a new era. From scientific computing door was opened.
With the invention of the computer, appeared many expansion method, like the Internet, he put on the world each networked computer close together, realize the data sharing and transmission, also has facilitated the information transfer, people keep indoors can know what is happening in the world. Using the computer we can also write some programs, help us to make some tedious work, also for us in the human inability to accept the harsh environment for some important work. And, in the information age of today, we will have a lot of important data, such as military confidential data, common people life generated data, all require a computer to store, and show it to the people. Better save the people in the archives for the time, but also saves space.
So, I think, the invention of the computer, is the world's greatest invention. I hope that through my hard work, I will also become a like von Neumann such a great man.

Ladies and gentlemen
Good evening, I am honored to stand here to express my speech. As we all know, from the beginning of the Stone Age to the industrial development of the steam era, until today, we live in an electronic age. During this time, there are many well-known invention, still in use. For example we are using the telephone, lights, television, automobiles, aircraft, etc., these are the most essential daily lives of our invention, but it comes in my eyes the greatest invention, then I would say that she is the computer.
The world's first computer was born in 1946, the University of Pennsylvania, she called Eni Ake, who is known as the invention of her father's computer • von Neumann (John Von Neumann). Although the ENIAC in size, amazing power, computing speed, but thousands of times! ), But it is more than the then existing computing devices 1,000 times faster, but also by pre-programmed to automatically perform arithmetic, logical, and store data. ENIAC proclaimed a new era. Calculated from the doors of science was opened.
With the invention of the computer, the resulting expansion of many inventions, like the Internet, he put the world on every networked computer in a tight joint together to achieve the data sharing and transfer, but also to facilitate information transfer, people go abroad on both doors can know the world what happened. We can also use computers to write some programs to help us do some complicated things, but also for us humans can not stand in the harsh environment of some major operations. And, in the information age of today, we will have a lot of important data, such as military secrets, data, ordinary people's lives in the data generated, all need a computer to store, and presented to the people. Better to save people time rummaging in the archives, but also saves space.
So, I think the invention of the computer is the world's greatest invention. I hope through my efforts to learn, I would like to be a second von Neumann.

Ladies gentlemen:
Good Evening , I am honored very much can stand make my lecture in here.It is well known, from the very beginning Stone Age to the industry developed steam time, until today, we lives in an Electronic Age.In this period of time, some many extremely famous inventions, continue to use continuously until now.For instance we use now the telephone, the electric lamp, the television, the automobile, the airplane and so on, these all are the inventions which in the daily life we most may not lack, but speaks of in my eye the greatest invention, then I can say, she is the computer.
In the world the first computer was born in 1946 American Pennsylvania University, she called Egypt Nepali Acher, invented her the person is known as father's of computer Feng•The promise depends on (John Von Neumann) gracefully.Although the ENIAC volume is huge, consumes the electricity to be astonishing, operating speed several thousand times!)But it compared to at that time the counting assembly which had has wanted quick 1000 times, moreover also has according to the procedure which composes beforehand carries out the arithmetic operation, the logic operation and the stored datum automatically

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